Sebuah Ulasan:

Sebuah Ulasan:
The Challenges of Online Language Learning: A German Perspective
Sumber : http://www.whirligig.com.au/GlobalEducatorWeb/articles/ChristelSchneider2004.pdf
Penulis : Christel Schneider
Oleh : Drs. Rakim
Pembelajaran Bahasa secara Berjaringan yang Menantang
Teknologi Internet mempunyai peranan penting dalam pembelajaran bahasa. Hal ini bisa dilihat dengan adanya peningkatan penguasaan media internet oleh para guru dalam menyampaikan materi kepada siswanya. Meskipun pada awalnya banyakpihak yang meragukan system pembelajaran online (berjaringan) dikarenakan guru tidak percaya diri karena tidak mahir menggunakan computer dan berpikir mereka akan menghabiskan waktu ekstra untuk membuat materi pelajaran.
Beberapa keuntungan belajar berjaringan lewat internet, diantaranya:
1. Belajar lebih dapat focus, cepat, dan lebih lengkap dariada media tradisional karena siswa dapat mengulang pelajaran dengan segera mendapat umpan balik.
2. Aktivitas belajar dapat disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan masing-masing siswa
3. Sumber belajarnya sangat banyak dan dalam bidang apapun, seperti; budaya, sejarah dan politik yang asli dan terbaru.
Hal yang terpenting adalah membuat siswa tertarik dan termotivasi untuk berinteraksi satu sama lainnya. Karena itu pembelajaran berjaringan harus disertai dengan gaya belajar yang bervariasi dan kemampuan guru yang baik.
Pembelajaran berjaringan yang sukses adalah pendekatan yang menggabungkan kegiatan belajar tatap muka disertai dengan penggunaan buku, CD Rom dan CD audio yang sesuai. Hal ini juga disesuaikan dengan target pembelajaran, level belajar dan kompetensi yang dibutuhkan. Pembelajaran berjaringan memerlukan komunikasi khusus, jika dalam belajar secara tatap muka komunikasi dapat dilakukan dengan perbincangan dan raut muka, namun dalam pembelajaran berjaringan komunikasi diungkapkan dalam bentuk tulisan atau simbol-simbol.
Dengan bantuan guru, siswa dapat mengembangkan bahasa yang sesuai untuk berkomunikasi dalam diskusi berjaringan yang bermakna. Seperti cara untuk:
- Setuju atau tidak setuju dengan sopan
- Menyanyakan/klarifikasi
- Mendukung teman
- Menunjukkan ketertarikan
- Meminta kepastian
- Membuat kesimpulan, dll.
Hal tersebut di atas berdasarkan perbedaan gaya berkomunikasi dan latar belakang budaya siswa.
Untuk meningkatkan motivasi siswa, belajar berjaringan harus digabungkan dengan variasi belajar, termasuk penggunaan audio,video, internet juga adanya sesi tatap muka. Halyang terpenting adalah menyediakan suasana belajar yang baik disertai dengan tuntutan guru yang terlatih dan bermotivasi.
Hal-hal positif:
- Perkembangan teknologi informatika dan komunikasi (TIK) luar biasa pesatnya, menawarkan berbagai kemudahan-kemudahan baru dalam pembelajaran. Kesempatan, fasilitas pembelajaran yang luar biasa karena “dunia” sebagai sumber, perpustakaan, dan ruang belajar.
- Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan secara global di seluruh penjuru dunia dapat diketahui, dipelajari dan diikuti. Peserta ajar luwes dan terbuka untuk memilih materi yang akan dipelajari.
- Bidang ilmu yang akan diperdalam sangat luas, bebas dan mendalam
- Tidak mengenal batas waktu dan ruang, untuk negara Indonesia sebagai Negara kepulauan e-learning sangat menjawab kebutuhan dimana peserta didik dengan sumber belajar bias terselenggara dengan jarak jauh.
Hal negatif/kendala:
- Perubahan paradigma belajar harus secara bertahap dan sistematis, belajar secara konvensional adalah suatu interaksi langsung antara peserta didik dan guru, seringkali kualitas pembelajaran ditentukan oleh upaya memotivasi dan disiplin dari pihak guru. E-learning menuntut disiplin, peningkatan kemauan belajar dari diri si peserta didik dan peningkatan keterampilan peserta didik dalam proses belajar tanpa bantuan orang lain.
- Perkembangan teknologi informatika dan komunikasi (TIK) luar biasa pesatnya, Perlu pendewasaan “membuat melek internet (TIK)” untuk masyarakat ajar
- Penyediaan sarana parasarana secara bertahap dan berkesinambungan: listrik, elektronika, telepon, jaringan internet, dan infrastruktur yang lain.
- Perlu adanya kebijakan pemrintah yang mendukung terkondisinya e-learning dalam hal: sarana prasarana, legalitas formal, dan daya serap lingkungan kerja
- Perlu peningkatan SDM masyarakat ajar di bidang TIK


THE CHALLENGES OF ONLINE
LANGUAGE LEARNING:
A GERMAN PERSPECTIVE
Christel Schneider
Language Department
Landesverband der Volkshochschulen
Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
Christel.Schneider@virtualcollege.co.uk
Christel Schneider is head of the language department for the Landesverband der Volkshochschulen Schleswig-
Holsteins e.V. (www.vhs-sh.de) an umbrella organisation of 170 adult education centres in Schleswig- Holstein.
She has over six years experience of introducing Computer Mediated Language Learning in national and international organizations and has successfully designed, planned and delivered many online training rogrammes.
Christel holds the position of a Local Secretary for the ESOL Cambridge examination and is also oral examiner for the main suite Cambridge examinations. She has supervised a two year project with the Cornelsen publishing house, trained the trainers and developed online teaching material for the virtual classroom and has led numerous workshops in and outside Germany. Christel has been visiting lecturer at the Institute of Education, University of
London, and Northern Illinois University. Christel is also the German Representative and Online Trainer for Abacus Learning Systems based in the UK.
Abstract
The Web provides an inexhaustible and stimulating source of teaching and learning aterial. However, to create successful and creative computer mediated language courses, appropriate technology needs to be selected according to the learner's individual needs.How effective computers are in the language classroom will depend on the way the teacher and students use them. Successful online courses need to have motivated and well-trained online tutors. Even though there is still a degree of disquiet and disbelief among language teachers and students that a language can be learnt online, there seems to be an increasing number of teachers engaged by the possibilities of new technology, willing to implement new media into their everyday teaching to enhance their lessons. In order to get the best learning outcomes, a mix of face-to face sessions, self study and collaborative tutor assisted online learning appears to be the answer. In this article, the author highlights the benefits and constraints of computer mediated language learning. She underlines the potential of new media in an online learning environment and of the necessity for creative online course management.
The Challenges of Online Language Learning Page 2 of 4 GlobalEducator February, 2004

Introduction
New technologies have enhanced language teaching in many ways. The Web
provides an inexhaustible resource of language material for teachers and students
with the great advantage that the material is culturally authentic and up-to-date.
The integration of the Internet into language teaching and learning helps to
overcome national and international boundaries, because users are able to
communicate with other users around the world. The Internet plays a prominent
role in language acquisition and teaching.
In spite of the fact that the purchase and use of new technology in schools and
universities has been promoted and supported by the German Federal Ministry of
Education, the euphorically estimated rapid increase of computer based language
training in the new century has not as yet occurred.1
Even though this might sound disheartening, some interesting projects in the field
of Computer Assisted Second Language Learning have been developed and
successfully carried out in various educational sectors in recent years.
There are an increasing number of teachers who are eager to get involved with and
implement new media in their language teaching and this will have its effect on the
structure of courses and their delivery. Traditional face-to-face courses will always
have their standing, but they will be influenced and complemented by new
technology. How effective computers are in language course delivery, will depend
on the way teachers and students use them.
Benefits and Constraints of Online Course Delivery
A great number of people in Germany are still sceptical about learning online.
Some find hard to believe, that communicative language learning can be delivered
online. Quite a few teachers don't feel confident enough to use computers in the
classroom, because they don't want to expose themselves to students who might
be able to handle the computer more skillfully. Others fear the extra amount of
work they'll have to manage on top of everything else, when having to design new
courses. Employees often resent to work at the computer outside the office if they
have to use the computer all day. However, in spite of all resentments, those
people who started an online course with initial scepticism, often report that they
were taken by surprise to find how different roles are perceived and what kind of
strong reactions and emotions can be triggered online.
From the experience gained in developing and tutoring Online Language Courses2
over the last four years, I have observed that asynchronous text based
communication helped students to become more confident in their speaking skills.
People who have to reply to somebody spontaneously in a real-time conversation
(in chats or on the phone), often seem to struggle or even fail to produce a
comprehensible reply, because they either 'have a blank' or are searching for
words. In an asynchronous virtual learning environment, the learners have more
time to reflect on their responses and access reference material, like dictionaries or
course books. Hence, learners develop an ability to engage in planning and
monitoring their output, gaining more confidence.
Computer mediated language learning has its great advantages, because with the
help of computers, learning can be more focused, faster and more complex than
with traditional media. Computers assist teachers by taking some of the workload
off them, like grammar practice for example. Students can practise in a nonthreatening
environment as long and whenever they wish as the exercises are
The Challenges of Online Language Learning Page 3 of 4 GlobalEducator February, 2004
available whenever needed. Learners can repeat exercises whenever necessary and
get instant feedback. Another benefit of computer mediated language training is
that activities can be adapted and tailored to a student's individual needs. Hence,
facilitators can address individual problems either in private tutorials or address
specific problems like grammar or spelling mistakes in an extra forum in order not
to distract the flow of communication or embarrass individuals.
Another great advantage of the Internet for language learning is the endless
amount of resources whether they are of cultural, historical and political nature,
which are up-to-date, authentic and immediately available.
These benefits for online learning become even more relevant for those languages
that are less commonly taught, where good and authentic print material often is not
available. Good face-to-face trainers usually have excellent and inspiring models of
face-to-face teaching to base courses on. The challenge, however, is to find new
inspiring and creative solutions for online delivery.
Most of the published language course material is designed for face-to-face
teaching or self study. Very little material has been published yet for the use of
online course delivery. Hence, when using a course book, the challenge for the
average online tutor is to design tasks around specific lessons that are meaningful
to be covered online. It is essential to design the tasks in a way that they trigger
online interaction. Most important is to keep students interested and motivated in
carrying out the tasks and interact with each other. This requires a diversified
repertoire of creative online teaching skills.
Online course material should be sufficiently flexible to cater for a variety of
learning styles, personal skills and interests. In order to collaborate successfully
students must understand that they need to take an active part in their learning.
Hence, they must be willing to interact, experiment with language and reflect their
own learning progress.
The most successful approach for online language course delivery is a blended
approach including face-to-face sessions, synchronous and asynchronous sessions
with the appropriate course material (books, CD-ROM, Audio CD). A precondition
always is, that the tutors are all well trained online facilitators.3
The amount that should be delivered online and how much should be delivered
face-to face will depend on the target group, the learning level and the skills
required. The distance that students might have to travel to a central location will
also be an important consideration.
Managing Discourse
Successful online discussion and collaboration require specific communication skills
and so it is essential for trainers to establish appropriate discourse strategies at the
early stages of a course.
Breakdown in collaborative communication often results from a lack of knowledge
of how to use communication skills or discourse strategies appropriately. In a faceto-
face discussion a simple nod, a smile or even just a look of approval is often
sufficient to encourage someone or indicate interest. A puzzled face or a frown
might indicate that clarification is necessary. In an online environment, a simple
nod or frown must be expressed in words or symbols.
The Challenges of Online Language Learning Page 4 of 4 GlobalEducator February, 2004
Since online discourse techniques in an asynchronous learning environment differ
from face-to- face conventions, they require special practice in order to facilitate
cohesion in discussions and to enhance collaboration online. With a tutor's
assistance, learners will develop their personal online style and learn to use the
appropriate language and strategies to master meaningful discussions online. It is
therefore useful to collect data about various discourse functions including how to:
• agree or disagree politely;
• ask for clarification;
• support others;
• show interest;
• ask for reassurance;
• refer to what has been said:
• summarize etc.
According to students' different communication styles and varied cultural
backgrounds, it is vital to raise awareness with regard to different perceptions.
Effective communication requires the enhancement of appropriate discourse
management in an intercultural context.
Conclusion
The innovative potential of new technology in language course delivery is changing
the ways we teach a language and indeed is changing the language itself.4 Because
of the lack of facial and physical interaction online, a good mix of online course
material needs to be designed in a way that it caters for opportunities to interact,
practise and expose the learner to authentic material and situations.
In order to keep the students' motivation levels high and to cater for a variety of
learning styles, a blended approach seems to be the ideal way to deliver language
courses online. This includes asynchronous and synchronous sessions, self study
materials (language software, audio and video, Internet) as well as face-to-face
sessions. Most important however is to provide a learning environment with
guidance/facilitation by a creative tutor/teacher to keep students engaged and
motivated.
A successful online course also needs the online tutors to be properly trained
and motivated. They need to have experienced online training as a student
themselves in order to understand the subtleties of this exciting medium.5
1 Schulen ans Netz, (an initiative of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the
German Telecom, 1999. http://www.schulen-ans-netz.de
2 www.abacus-uk,com
3 Primetime, An English Course for Primary School Teachers, Cornelsen 2001-2003.
4 Barnett, B. & Sharma, P., (2003).The Internet & Business English. Summertown Publications.
5 Prendergast, G., (2003). Keeping Online Student Dropout Numbers Low. In GlobalEducator.